Special Economic Zone (SEZ) 2022

Special economic zones (SEZ) are delineated explicitly as duty-free enclaves. They are deemed to be foreign territory for the purpose of trade operations and duties and tariffs.
The government has recently released a draft Development Enterprise and Service Hub (DESH) bill 2022,for a consultation to replace the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Act 2005.

About Special Economic Zone

• A special economic zone (SEZ) is an area in a country that is subject to different economic regulations than other regions within the same country.
• Special economic zone policy was announced in India during the early 2000s
• Once an SEZ has been approved by the Board of Approval and the Central Government has notified the area of the SEZ, units are allowed to be set up in the SEZ.
• Special Economic Zones are notified under the SEZ act 2005.
• About 376 SEZs are notified but currently, only 270 SEZs are operational in India.
• There were 7 Central Government Special Economic Zones (SEZs) and 12 State/Private Sector SEZs prior to the enactment of the SEZ Act, 2005. In addition, 416 proposals for setting up of SEZs in the country have been accorded formal approval under the SEZ Act, 2005. Presently, 351 SEZs are notified, out of which 232 SEZs are operational.

Performance of SEZs

• Economic indicators: Exports from SEZs have increased to 7.59 trillion in FY21 from just 22,840 crores in 2006.
• 2.35 million jobs have been created and the total investment has boomed towards 6.5 trillion vy FY21.
• In the April-December 2021 period, exports from SEZs increased by 25% to 93 billion dollars.

Main Objectives of the SEZ Act,2005

• Generation of additional economic activity
• Promotion of exports of goods and services
• promotion of investment from foreign sources
• Generation of employment and utilization of the demographic window of opportunity
• infrastructural development

Challenges faced by SEZs

• UNCTAD report suggests that SEZ exports did not rise at a faster rate than overall exports even before the pandemic.
• It appears that SEZs have ceased to be attractive after the tax holiday for units and developers was wound down between 2017 and 2020.
• The proliferation of Free Trade Agreements between 2005-15 robbed SEZs of their advantages, as importers outside SEZs benefited from zero-rated imports without being subject to Domestic Tariff Area (DTA) related restrictions.
• underutilization of land parcels due to sector-specific restriction
• WTO’s dispute settlement panel has ruled that India’s export-related schemes, including the SEZ Scheme, were inconsistent with WTO rules since they directly linked tax benefits to exports

Government Measures To Revamp SEZs

1. The government has constituted Baba kalyani committee to study the existing SEZs of India and prepare a policy framework to adopt strategic policy measures.

Recommendations of Baba Kalyani committee 2018

• Rename SEZs in India as 3Es- Employment and Economic Enclave
• Framework shift from export growth to broad-based employment and economic growth
• Separate rules and procedures for manufacturing and service SEZs
• Ease of Doing Business (EoDB) in 3Es such as one integrated online portal for new investments
• Extension of Sunset Clause and retaining tax or duty benefits
• Unified regulator for IFSC
• Dispute resolution through arbitration and commercial courts

Development of Enterprise and Service Hubs (DESH) Bill 2022

It is an outcome of the recommendations of the expert committee constituted in 2018.

Objectives

• It will replace the SEZ Act of 2005 and aims to develop more inclusive economic hubs
• SEZs will be renamed as Development hubs. They will facilitate both export-oriented and domestic investment. It combines the role of the domestic tariff area and SEZ
• DESH legislation provides for an online single-window portal for the grant of time-bound approvals for establishing and operating the hubs.
• A larger role for states-State boards would be set up to oversee the functioning of the hubs