India – Nepal Relation

History

• Nepal is an important neighbour of India and occupies a special significance in its foreign policy because of the geographic, historical, cultural and economic linkages/ties that span centuries.
• India and Nepal share similar ties in terms of Hinduism and Buddhism with Buddha’s birthplace Lumbini located in present-day Nepal.
• The two countries not only share an open border and unhindered movement of people, but they also have close bonds through marriages and familial ties, popularly known as Roti-Beti ka Rishta.
• The India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1950 forms the bedrock of the special relations that exist between India and Nepal.

India–Nepal Relations PDF

Significance of Nepal for India

• Nepal shares a border with 5 Indian states- Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Sikkim and Bihar. Hence an important point of cultural and economic exchange.
• Its importance for India can be studied from two different angles:
  • Their strategic importance for India’s national security.
  • Their place in India’s role perception in international politics.
• Nepal is right in the middle of India’s ‘Himalayan frontiers’, and along with Bhutan, it acts as a northern ‘borderland’ flank and acts as a buffer state against any possible aggression from China.
• Rivers originating in Nepal feed the perennial river systems of India in terms of ecology and hydropower potential.
• Many Hindu and Buddhist religious sites are in Nepal making it an important pilgrim site for a large number of Indians.

Recent Developments

• Arun-3 Hydro Electric Project:
  • In 2019, the cabinet also approved ₹1236 crore investments for the Arun-3 hydro project.
    • The Arun-3 Hydro Electric project (900 MW) is a run-of-river located on the Arun River in Eastern Nepal.
• Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT):
  • A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed between the Government of Nepal and Sutlej Jal Vikas Nigam (SJVN) Limited for the project in 2008 for execution on a Build Own Operate and Transfer (BOOT) basis for a period of 30 years including five years of the construction period.
• International Centre for Buddhist Culture and Heritage:
  • During the visit of the Prime Minister of India, he performed the ‘shilanyas’ ceremony to launch the construction of the India International Centre for Buddhist Culture and Heritage in the Lumbini Monastic Zone.
  • The centre will be a world-class facility welcoming pilgrims and tourists from all over the world to enjoy the essence of the spiritual aspects of Buddhism.
  • The facility is aimed at catering to scholars and Buddhist pilgrims from all over the world who visit Lumbini.
• Hydropower Projects:
  • The two leaders signed five agreements, including one between the Satluj Jal Vidyut Nigam (SJVN) Ltd and the Nepal Electricity Authority (NEA) for the development and implementation of the 490.2 megawatts Arun-4 hydropower project.
  • Nepal also invited Indian companies to invest in the West Seti hydropower project in Nepal.
• Setting up a Satellite Campus:
  • India has offered to set up a satellite campus of the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) in Rupandehi and has sent some draft memoranda of understanding for signing between Indian and Nepali universities.
• Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project:
  • Nepal discussed some pending projects like the Pancheshwar Multipurpose Project, an important arm of the Mahakali Treaty signed between Nepal and India in 1996, and the West Seti Hydropower Project, a reservoir-type project with a projected capacity of 1,200 megawatts.
• Cross-border Rail Link:
  • The operationalisation of the 35-kilometre cross-border rail link from Jayanagar (Bihar) to Kurtha (Nepal) will be further extended to Bijalpura and Bardibas.
• Double Circuit Transmission Line:
  • Another project includes a 90 km long 132 kV double circuit transmission line connecting Tila (Solukhumbu) to Mirchaiya (Siraha) close to the Indian border.
• Multilateral Projects:
  • Additionally, agreements providing technical cooperation in the railway sector, Nepal’s induction into the International Solar Alliance, and between Indian Oil Corporation and Nepal Oil Corporation on ensuring regular supplies of petroleum products were also signed.

Political Relation

• Nepal-India relations are, in essence, much more than the sum of treaties and agreements concluded between the two countries.
• The frequent high-level visits by the leaders of the two countries at different points of time and the interactions constitute the hallmark of the ties between the two countries.
• Furthermore, such visits have helped promote goodwill, trust, understanding and cooperation between the two countries and, have injected fresh momentum to further consolidate age-old and multi-faceted bilateral relations of friendship and cooperation on a more mature and pragmatic footing.

Economic Relation

• India has been a key development partner of Nepal.
• The latter received strong support and solidarity from the people and Government of India in advancing its home-grown peace process as well as in the process of writing the Constitution through the elected Constituent Assembly.
• Following the massive earthquakes in Nepal in April and May 2015, India promptly offered to help hands.
• The Government of India has also been substantially supporting Nepal’s reconstruction efforts.
• The Indian cooperation started in 1952 with the construction of an airstrip at Gaucharan.
• Since then, India has been assisting primarily in the areas of infrastructure development and capacity development of human resources in Nepal.
• Such assistance received from India has helped supplement the developmental efforts of Nepal.
• India’s economic assistance to Nepal has grown manifold in the past few decades, particularly since the restoration of multiparty democracy in Nepal in 1990.
• Prime Minister of Nepal Mr. Pushpa Kamal Dahal ‘Prachanda’ in September 2016, a Nepal-India Joint Oversight Mechanism has been constituted co-chaired by the Foreign Secretary of Nepal and the Indian Ambassador to Nepal to review the progress made and resolve issues in the implementation of the projects under India’s economic and development cooperation.
• The Mechanism meets once every two months.

Trade and Economy

• India is Nepal’s largest trade partner and the largest source of foreign investments, besides providing transit for almost the entire third country trade of Nepal.
  • Total bilateral trade in 2018-19 reached INR 57,858 cr (US$ 8.27 bn). In 2018-19, while Nepal’s exports to India stood at INR 3558 cr (US$ 508 mn), India’s exports to Nepal were INR 54,300 cr (US$ 7.76 bn).
• Indian firms engaged in manufacturing, services (banking, insurance, dry port), power sector and tourism industries etc.

Connectivity

• Nepal is a landlocked country is surrounded by India from three sides and one side is open towards Tibet which has very limited vehicular access.
• India-Nepal has undertaken various connectivity programs to enhance people-to-people linkages and promote economic growth and development.
• MOUs have been signed between both governments for laying an electric rail track linking Kathmandu with Raxaul in India.
• India is looking to develop the inland waterways for the movement of cargo, within the framework of trade and transit arrangements, providing additional access to sea for Nepal calling it linking Sagarmatha (Mt. Everest) with Sagar (Indian Ocean).

Defence cooperation

• Bilateral defence cooperation includes assistance to the Nepalese Army in its modernisation through the provision of equipment and training.
• The Gorkha Regiments of the Indian Army are raised partly by recruitment from hill districts of Nepal.
• India since 2011, every year undertakes a joint military exercise with Nepal known as Surya Kiran.

Cultural

• There have been initiatives to promote people-to-people contact in the area of art & culture, academics and media with different local bodies of Nepal.
• India has signed three sister-city agreements for the twinning of Kathmandu-Varanasi, Lumbini-Bodhgaya and Janakpur-Ayodhya.

Multilateral

India and Nepal share multiple multilateral forums such as BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, and Nepal), BIMSTEC (Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation), Non-Aligned Movement, and SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation) etc.

Challenges

• Territorial Disputes:
• One of the main challenges in the Indo-Nepal ties is the Kalapani boundary issue. These boundaries had been fixed in 1816 by the British, and India inherited the areas over which the British had exercised territorial control in 1947.
  • While 98% of the India-Nepal boundary was demarcated, two areas, Susta and Kalapani remained in limbo.
  • In 2019, Nepal released a new political map claiming Kalapani, Limpiyadhura and Lipulekh of Uttarakhand and the area of Susta (West Champaran district, Bihar) as part of Nepal’s territory.
• Issues with Peace and Friendship Treaty:
• The 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship was sought by the Nepali authorities in 1949 to continue the special links they had with British India and to provide them with an open border and the right to work in India.
  • But today, it is viewed as a sign of an unequal relationship, and an Indian imposition.
  • The idea of revising and updating it has found mentioned in Joint Statements since the mid-1990s but in a sporadic and desultory manner.
• The Demonetisation Irritant:
• In November 2016, India withdrew Rs 15.44 trillion of high-value (Rs 1,000 and Rs 500) currency notes. Today, over Rs 15.3 trillion has been returned in the form of fresh currency.
  • Yet, many Nepali nationals who were legally entitled to hold Rs 25,000 of Indian currency (given that the Nepali rupee is pegged to the Indian rupee) were left high and dry.
  • The Nepal Rashtra Bank (Central Bank of Nepal) holds Rs 7 crore and estimates of public holdings are Rs 500 crore.
  • India’s refusal to accept demonetised bills with the Nepal Rastra Bank and the unknown fate of the report submitted by the Eminent Persons Group (EPG) has not helped in securing a better image in Nepal.
• China’s Intervention:
  • In recent years, Nepal has drifted away from India’s influence, and China has gradually filled the space with investments, aid and loans.
  • China considers Nepal a key partner in its Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), and wants to invest in Nepal’s infrastructure as part of its grand plans to boost global trade.
  • Rising Nepal and China cooperation can undermine Nepal’s distinction as a buffer state between India and China.
  • China on the other hand wants to avoid the formation of any Anti-China stance by the Tibetans living in Nepal.
• Internal Security:
• It is a major concern for India as the Indo-Nepal border is virtually open and lightly policed which is exploited by terrorist outfits and insurgent groups from the North Eastern part of India eg. supply of trained cadres, and fake Indian currency.
• Trust & Ethenic Differences:
• Overtime trust deficit has widened in India-Nepal because of the Indian reputation for delaying the implementation of various projects.
  • There is an anti-India feeling among certain ethnic groups in Nepal which emanates from the perception that India indulges too much in Nepal and tinkers with their political sovereignty.